Understand the definition and diagnostic criteria for Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Blood glucose, ketone levels, and acid-base status. Differences between UK (JBDS-IP) and US (ADA) guidelines. Recognize key considerations in DKA management Euglycemic DKA. Serum vs urine ketones. Role of anion gap and its limitations. Identify epidemiology and precipitating factors Trends, costs, mortality. Common triggers such as infection, missed insulin doses, and medication effects. Explain the pathophysiology and clinical presentation of DKA Mechanisms of hyperglycemia, ketosis, and acidosis. Associated complications like electrolyte imbalance and inflammatory state. Apply principles and aims of treatment Fluid therapy, insulin therapy, potassium replacement. Monitoring protocols (JBDS vs ADA). Discuss transition from IV to subcutaneous insulin Timing and overlap. Calculation of total daily insulin dose. Outline prevention strategies for DKA Patient education, sick-day rules, ketone monitoring. Mental health support and follow-up care.