2. Definition / Classification Learning Goals: Define what constitutes a urinary tract infection and differentiate between upper and lower UTIs. Explain the classification systems used (e.g., anatomical site, microbiological findings, community vs hospital-acquired). Understand the European Association of Urology classification and its clinical relevance. 3. Pathophysiology Learning Goals: Describe the mechanisms by which bacteria colonize and infect the urinary tract. Identify common pathogens responsible for UTIs and their sources (e.g., GI tract organisms like E. coli). Understand factors that predispose individuals to infection, including anatomical and physiological considerations. 4. Categories of Urinary Tract Infections Learning Goals: Differentiate between asymptomatic bacteriuria, acute uncomplicated UTIs, complicated UTIs, and recurrent UTIs. Identify clinical features and diagnostic criteria for each category. Understand when treatment is indicated (e.g., pregnancy, urologic procedures) and when it is not. 5. Management of UTIs Learning Goals: Outline principles of empiric and targeted antibiotic therapy for different UTI categories. Understand indications for laboratory testing and culture in uncomplicated vs complicated cases. Learn preventive strategies for recurrent UTIs, including behavioral modifications and prophylactic options. Recognize management considerations in special populations (e.g., pregnancy, immunocompromised patients). 6. Local Guideline – KNH Learning Goals: Familiarize with Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) empiric antibiotic therapy guidelines. Apply local resistance patterns to guide antibiotic selection. Understand the importance of guideline adherence in reducing antimicrobial resistance.